Managing Heat Loss Around a Glass Heater for More Stable Operation

https://polyimide-heater-guide.keystonescope.com/posts/how-etched-foil-construction-works-in-a-mica-heater

In camera windows, a glass heater must deliver heat in a controlled way. It uses a glass panel combined with a conductive heating layer or heater element. One useful trait is anti-fog capability. Still, thermal stress can change the result